M109 Howitzer
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The M109 is an American
155 mm 155 mm (6.1 in) is a common, NATO-standard, artillery caliber. It is defined in AOP-29 part 1 with reference to STANAG 4425. It is commonly used in field guns, howitzers, and gun-howitzers. Land warfare The caliber originated in France after ...
turreted self-propelled
howitzer A howitzer () is a long- ranged weapon, falling between a cannon (also known as an artillery gun in the United States), which fires shells at flat trajectories, and a mortar, which fires at high angles of ascent and descent. Howitzers, like ot ...
, first introduced in the early 1960s to replace the M44. It has been upgraded a number of times, most recently to the M109A7. The M109 family is the most common
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indirect-fire Indirect fire is aiming and firing a projectile without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire. Aiming is performed by calculating azimuth and inclination, and may include correcting aim by ...
support weapon of maneuver brigades of armored and mechanized infantry divisions. The M109 has a crew of four: the section chief/commander, the driver, the gunner, and the ammunition handler/loader. The chief or gunner aims the cannon left or right (deflection) and up and down (quadrant). The
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
replaced its M109s with the
AS-90 The AS-90 ("Artillery System for the 1990s"), known officially as Gun Equipment 155 mm L131, is an armoured self-propelled artillery weapon used by the British Army. It can fire standard charges up to using 39 calibre long barrel (com ...
. Several European armed forces have or are currently replacing older M109s with the German PzH 2000. Upgrades to the M109 were introduced by the U.S. (see
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) and by Switzerland (KAWEST). With the cancellation of the U.S. Crusader and
Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon The XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) was a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. It was the lead vehicle for the U.S. Army's Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles program. The NLOS-C was a replacement for the M109 howitzer, but cancelle ...
, the M109A6 ("Paladin") will likely remain the principal self-propelled howitzer for the U.S. until the new M1299 enters service.


Operational history

The M109 was the medium variant of a U.S. program to adopt a common
chassis A chassis (, ; plural ''chassis'' from French châssis ) is the load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function. An example of a chassis is a vehicle frame, the underpart ...
for its self-propelled artillery units. The light version, the
M108 Howitzer The M108 Howitzer is an American self-propelled 105 mm howitzer, first introduced in the early 1960s as a replacement for the M52 self-propelled howitzer. The M108 was powered by a Detroit Diesel turbocharged 8V-71T 8-cylinders 405 hp engi ...
, was phased out during the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
, but many were rebuilt as M109s. The M109 saw its combat debut in Vietnam. Around 200 vehicles were deployed in 1966, but the entire fleet suffered a mechanical malfunction within a year of operation. The U.S. dispatched engineers and mechanics, but all M109s were recalled back to the U.S. in 1967 after failing to repair on the field. The howitzer underwent upgrades afterward, which resulted M109A1 variant that went into production in 1970. Israel used the M109 against Egypt in the 1973
Yom Kippur War The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from October 6 to 25, 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egy ...
and in the
1982 Events January * January 1 – In Malaysia and Singapore, clocks are adjusted to the same time zone, UTC+8 (GMT+8.00). * January 13 – Air Florida Flight 90 crashes shortly after takeoff into the 14th Street bridges, 14th Street Bridge in ...
and
2006 Lebanon War The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War ( ar, حرب تموز, ''Ḥarb Tammūz'') and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War ( he, מלחמת לבנון השנייה, ''Milhemet Leva ...
s. Iran used the M109 in the
Iran–Iraq War The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for almost eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council ...
in the 1980s. The M109 saw service with the
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...
,
Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
and
Saudi Arabian Saudis ( ar, سعوديون, Suʿūdiyyūn) are people identified with the country of Saudi Arabia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. The Saudis are composed mainly of Arabs and primarily speak a regional dialect ...
Armies in the 1991
Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: ...
. The M109 also saw service with the U.S. Army in the Gulf War, as well as in the
Iraq War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Iraq War {{Nobold, {{lang, ar, حرب العراق (Arabic) {{Nobold, {{lang, ku, شەڕی عێراق (Kurdish languages, Kurdish) , partof = the Iraq conflict (2003–present), I ...
from 2003 to 2011. Upgrades to the cannon, ammunition, fire control, survivability, and other electronics systems over the design's lifespan have expanded the system's capabilities, including tactical nuclear projectiles, guided projectiles (
Copperhead Copperhead may refer to: Snakes * ''Agkistrodon contortrix'', or copperhead, a venomous pit viper species found in parts of North America * '' Austrelaps'', or Australian copperhead, a genus of venomous elapids found in southern Australia and Ta ...
),
Rocket Assisted Projectile A rocket-assisted projectile (RAP) is a cannon, howitzer, mortar, or recoilless rifle round incorporating a rocket motor for independent propulsion. This gives the projectile greater speed and range than a non-assisted ballistic shell, which is ...
s (RAP), FAmily of SCAtterable Mines (
FASCAM Family of Scatterable Mines (FASCAM) is an umbrella appellation for a range of systems of the armed forces of the United States, which allows a maneuver commander to rapidly place mines as a situational obstacle; as a reserve obstacle emplacement ca ...
), and cluster munitions (the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition, DPICM). In August 2015, South Korean K55A1s fired rounds behind the
Military Demarcation Line The Military Demarcation Line (MDL), sometimes referred to as the Armistice Line, is the land border or demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea. On either side of the line is the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The MDL and DMZ ...
as a warning after several provocations. During
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...
, Ukraine used M109 howitzers which were donated by Western countries.


Design

The M109 was developed by the Ground System Division of United Defense LP (now
BAE Systems Land and Armaments BAE Systems Platforms & Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of BAE Systems Inc. and is a large provider of tracked and wheeled armored combat vehicles, naval guns, naval ship repair and modernization, artillery and missile launching systems, a ...
).


Armament

* Primary by
Watervliet Arsenal The Watervliet Arsenal is an arsenal of the United States Army located in Watervliet, New York, on the west bank of the Hudson River. It is the oldest continuously active arsenal in the United States, and today produces much of the artillery fo ...
: M126 Cannon (or M126A1) 155 mm Howitzer (M109), M185 Cannon 155 mm Howitzer (A1/A2/A3/A4), or M284 Cannon 155 mm Howitzer (A5/A6) * Secondary: .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun, Mk 19 Mod 3 40 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, 7.62 mm M60,
M240 machine gun The M240 – officially the Machine Gun, 7.62 mm, M240 – is the U.S. military designation for the FN MAG, a family of belt-fed, gas-operated medium machine guns that chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The M240 has been used by the U ...
or L4 machine gun


Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP)

In January 2016, the U.S. Army test-fired hypervelocity projectiles originally designed for use by
U.S. Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage o ...
electromagnetic railgun A railgun or rail gun is a linear motor device, typically designed as a weapon, that uses electromagnetic force to launch high velocity projectiles. The projectile normally does not contain explosives, instead relying on the projectile's high s ...
s and found that they significantly increased the gun's range. The Army is looking into using the M109 Paladin firing the HVP for
ballistic missile defense Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and also the destruction of attacking missiles. Conceived as a defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), ...
, as traditional missile interceptors are expensive and gun-based missile defense used for point defense would use artillery at a much lower cost per round. The HVP is capable of being fired out to from a conventional cannon. It weighs with a flight body containing its guidance and warhead—less powerful, but more agile to hit small, high-speed targets. Modifications will be needed for the Paladin to effectively shoot the HVP, possibly including different propellant to achieve higher velocities, automated reloading systems to fire quickly enough to defeat salvo launches, improved barrel life, and a new fire control and sensor system. During a test of the Air Force's Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS) on 3 September 2020, an HVP fired from an Army Paladin howitzer successfully intercepted a BQM-167 target drone simulating a
cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhe ...
.


Variants


M109

First produced in 1963. It had a 23 caliber 155 mm M126 Cannon in an M127 Mount, and carried 28 rounds of 155 mm ammunition. It was also armed with a .50cal
M2HB The M2 machine gun or Browning .50 caliber machine gun (informally, "Ma Deuce") is a heavy machine gun that was designed towards the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to Browning's earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, wh ...
machine gun with 500 rounds of ammunition. Easily identified by its short barrel and a double baffle
muzzle brake A muzzle brake or recoil compensator is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the muzzle or barrel of a firearm or cannon that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted ...
with a large fume extractor just behind it. Maximum range of 14,600 meters.


M109A1

Replaced the M126 Cannon with a 39 caliber M185 Cannon, featuring a longer barrel while increasing maximum range to 18,100 meters.


M109A2

Incorporated 27 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) mid-life improvements. Most notably, the long barreled 155 mm M185 Cannon in the new M178 gun mount, ballistic protection for the panoramic telescope, counterbalanced travel lock, and the ability to mount the M140 bore sight alignment device. Stowage of 155mm rounds increased from 28 to 36 rounds; .50cal ammunition remained at 500 rounds. During M109A2 production, a slightly simplified version was also produced for export. This had minor internal changes and deleted the hull flotation feature. These were designated M109A1B.


M109A3 and M109A3B

M109A1s and M109A1Bs rebuilt to M109A2 standard respectively. Some A3s feature three contact arm assemblies, while all A2s have five.


M109A4

M109A2s and M109A3s improved with Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical / Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (NBC/RAM) improvements, including air purifiers, heaters, and Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) (protective) gear. The traversing mechanism's clutch was hydraulic, as compared to the electric mechanism on previous M109s, and featured a manual override. The M109A4 also gained a second hydraulic filter. Also included is an improvement to the engine starting equipment, greatly improving the ability to start in an emergency. Ammunition stowage remained the same as in previous models.


M109A5

Replaces the 155 mm M185 Cannon in an M178 Mount with a 39-caliber 155 mm M284 Cannon in an M182 Mount, giving the A5 a maximum range of 22,000 meters with unassisted projectiles and 30,000 meters with Rocket Assisted Projectile (RAP) rounds. The vehicle can carry 36 complete rounds of ammunition and has a 440 hp engine instead of the standard 405 hp engine.


M109A5+

Various manufacturers have upgraded the fire control and other components of the M109A5. BAE Systems in York PA recently delivered 12 M109A5+ vehicles to Chile and 40 M109A5+ vehicles for Brazil.


M109A6 "Paladin"

Overall product improvement in the areas of survivability, RAM, and armament. This includes increased armor, a redesigned internal arrangement for safer ammunition and equipment storage, engine and suspension upgrades, and product improvement of the M284 Cannon and M182A1 Mount. The greatest difference is the integration of an inertial navigation system, sensors detecting the weapons' lay, automation, and an encrypted digital communication system, which utilizes computer controlled frequency hopping to avoid enemy
electronic warfare Electronic warfare (EW) is any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults. The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponen ...
and allow the howitzer to send grid location and altitude to the battery Fire Direction Center (FDC) . The battery FDCs in turn coordinate fires through a battalion or higher FDC. This allows the Paladin to halt from the move and fire within 30 seconds with an accuracy equivalent to the previous models when properly emplaced, laid, and safed—a process that required several minutes under the best of circumstances. Tactically, this improves the system's survivability by allowing the battery to operate dispersed by pairs across the countryside and allowing the howitzer to quickly displace between salvos, or if attacked by indirect fire, aircraft, or ground forces. Ammunition storage increased from 36 to 39 155 mm rounds. The US Army received first Paladin in 1994 and last of 950 in 1999.


M109 "KAWEST"

This Swiss improved version produced by Ruag incorporates a new Swiss-designed L47 155 mm gun with an increased firing range of up to 36 km. It features inertial navigation system coupled with a new gun-laying system and more ammunition storage (40 rounds, 64 charges). The KAWEST (lit. ''Kampfwertsteigerung'' = upgrade of combat capabilities) requires only six crew members instead of eight, and is able to fire three-round bursts within 15 seconds or maintain a constant firing rate of over one round per minute. Upgraded Swiss PzHb (Panzerhaubitze) 79 and 88 (M109A1) are known as respectively PzHb 79/95 and PzHb 88/95.


M109L52

Jointly developed by the Dutch firm RDM and the German firm
Rheinmetall Rheinmetall AG is a German automotive and arms manufacturer, headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. Its shares are traded on the Frankfurt stock exchange. History Rheinmetall was founded in 1889. Banker and investor Lorenz Zuckermandel L ...
, the M109L52 was first revealed in 2002. The main improvement was replacing the M126 series gun with the longer 52-caliber cannon from the PzH 2000, thus the MTLS ammunition of the PzH 2000 can be used. In addition, improvements to the loading system were made. This resulted in an increase of the rate of fire to 9–10 rds/min from the original 3 rds/min, and this high rate of fire can be sustained for up to 2 minutes. A total of 35 rounds can be carried.


M109A3GNM

The latest version in service with the Norwegian Army's
Artilleribataljonen The Artillery Battalion ( no, Artilleribataljonen) is the Norwegian army's Brigade Nords artillery battalion. The unit numbers some 550 soldiers and officers. The battalion's main weapons are K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzers and NASAMS III ai ...
. 126 M109Gs were acquired from West Germany between 1969 and 1971. They were then upgraded to the M109A3GN configuration during the latter half of the 1980s. In 2006, there were still 56 M109A3GNs in the Army's inventory, meaning that at least 70 SPGs had been scrapped after the end of the Cold War. 14 of the M109A3GNs received additional upgrades in 2007, and were designated M109A3GNM. The upgrade includes, among other things, new intercom and new navigation and positioning systems. In 2020, both the 14 units with "A3GNM" upgrades and the rest of the units still having "A3GN" specs were put in storage, as all of the new Korean
K9 Thunder The K9 Thunder is a South Korean 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and developed by the Agency for Defense Development and civil contractors including Dongmyeong Heavy Industries, Kia Heavy Industry, Poongsan Corporation, and Samsung Aer ...
units had been delivered. In May 2022, Norway donated 22 "A3GN" to Ukraine. Two M109A3GN howitzers were destroyed and three damaged during the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...
.


K55

K55 is a South Korean license produced variant of the M109A2. In the 1960s, the
South Korean Army The Republic of Korea Army (ROKA; ko, 대한민국 육군; Hanja: 大韓民國 陸軍; RR: ''Daehanminguk Yuk-gun''), also known as the ROK Army or South Korean Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the l ...
received M107 and M110 from the United States. However, the number of these self-propelled guns was insufficient to counter rapidly-growing North Korean artillery capabilities. In the 1970s, South Korea began mass-producing towed howitzers locally, but intelligence reports of North Korean 170 mm self-propelled artillery forced South Korea to look for a new self-propelled artillery system. In December 1983, the ministers of defense of the United States and South Korea signed a MOU to co-produce M109A2 in South Korea using American technical data. The United States delivered two completed M109A2s to South Korea for operational review, and the
Agency for Defense Development The Agency for Defense Development (ADD) is the South Korean national agency for research and development in defense technology, funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA). It was established in August 1970 under the banner ...
began to translate the data package and created field and maintenance manuals for soldiers. South Korea wanted to produce every parts of the vehicle domestically; however, due to the amendment bill by Rep. Samuel S. Stratton of New York, which set the limit in foreign military technology cooperation, the turret and the M185 cannon from
Watervliet Arsenal The Watervliet Arsenal is an arsenal of the United States Army located in Watervliet, New York, on the west bank of the Hudson River. It is the oldest continuously active arsenal in the United States, and today produces much of the artillery fo ...
were imported from the United States. Compared to the M109A2, besides 63 percent of parts being produced locally, K55 has a driver's night periscope and light exposure minimization device to enhance night-time operations as well as additional radio systems. The vehicle also has NBC protection system, and halon fire extinguishers. A total of 1,180 K55s were produced between 1985 to 1996. The vehicle's name was changed from KM109A2 to K55, which was originally a code name from the Samsung factory. On 13 November 1990, the United States and South Korea signed an agreement to allow South Korea to supply M109 parts to third parties. On 28 May 1997, during the Security Cooperation Committee held in Washington D.C., South Korea requested the United States to revise the MOU for the exporting whole K55, which are intended for domestic use only. South Korea was expecting to export 72 K55s and four ammunition support vehicles to Brazil for $160 million over Belgium's offer, but the United States Department of Defense declined the request to avoid an arms race in the region. On 29 May 1998, South Korean military began fielding K55 simulator to boost artillerymen training. The simulator took a year and a billion KRW budget for development, and is expected to save 150 million KRW per year per device.


K55A1

The K55A1 is a South Korean overhaul and modernization of the K55 by augmenting the proven systems of the
K9 Thunder The K9 Thunder is a South Korean 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and developed by the Agency for Defense Development and civil contractors including Dongmyeong Heavy Industries, Kia Heavy Industry, Poongsan Corporation, and Samsung Aer ...
and the K9 upgrade plan. The development took three years between 2007 to 2010, and the upgrade started in 2010. On 30 November 2010, in the wake of the North Korean artillery attack, the South Korean government authorized massive increase of military spending; South Korea allocated 11.5 billion KRW on K55A1 upgrade for FY2011, more than a 1500% increase from 700 million KRW for FY2010. The upgrade is performed by Samsung Techwin, and the first vehicle was fielded by the South Korean Army in early 2011. The K55A1 is fitted with the same electronics and fire control system as the K9. The self-propelled gun has significantly enhanced field operability and accuracy by the installation of
Honeywell Aerospace Honeywell Aerospace is a manufacturer of aircraft engines and avionics, as well as a producer of auxiliary power units (APUs) and other aviation products. Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, it is a division of the Honeywell International conglome ...
's TALIN 5000 INS (inertial navigation system), satellite navigation device (GPS), and speed calibrator. As a result, the vehicle automatically lays the gun in the desired direction and delivers a first round within 45 seconds when stationary or 75 seconds during on move after receiving the shooting specification, which required 2 minutes and 11 minutes, respectively, on the K55. With the help of a new semi-autoloader, while charges are still inserted manually, the howitzer can fire 4 rounds per minute, increasing from 2 to 3 rounds per minute. The improved suspension by adding strut-type hydropneumatic buffer from Mottrol Co, Ltd. and enhanced chamber allow the vehicle to shoot without laying spades at a maximum distance of 32 km using base bleed ammunition. The APU (auxiliary power unit) is also installed to operate the howitzer without turning on the main engine. The Army Consolidated Maintenance Depot also joined K55A1 upgrade, and released its first results on 20 December 2013. The upgrade costs 20% of the K9 Thunder (800 million KRW) as of 2021.


M109A7

File:Bae PIM upgrade.jpg, Prototype M109A7 File:M109A7_Self-propelled_Howitzer.jpg, M109A7 155mm SPH being tested at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona The newest M109 version for U.S. service is the M109A7, formerly known as the M109A6 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM). The M109A7 shares common chassis components with the Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) such as the engine, transmission, and tracks. This creates commonality with other systems and maximizes cost-savings in production, parts inventory, and maintenance personnel. The M109A7's onboard power systems harness technologies originally developed for the
Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon The XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon (NLOS-C) was a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. It was the lead vehicle for the U.S. Army's Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles program. The NLOS-C was a replacement for the M109 howitzer, but cancelle ...
; the electric drive is faster than the previous hydraulic system, and the automatic rammer more consistently rams the round into the gun for consistent velocities and better accuracy. It features a 600-volt onboard power system to accommodate additional armor and future networking technologies as they become ready. The M109A7 can sustain a one-round per-minute rate of fire and a maximum rate of fire of four rounds per-minute. Weighing , the M109A7 is heavier than its predecessor, and it has the capacity to grow to . Even with the weight increase, the M109A7 can travel faster than previous versions at and is more maneuverable than a BFV. Prototypes of the vehicle underwent government testing in preparation for a Low-Rate Initial Production (LRIP) decision. The testing included RAM, mission and ballistic hull and turret testing. The M109A7 was slated to begin LRIP by 2013. The U.S. Army planned on procuring a fleet of 580 sets of M109A7 howitzers and M992A3 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicles (FAASVs). In October 2013, the
Defense Acquisition Board The Defense Acquisition Board (DAB) is the senior advisory board for defense acquisitions in the Department of Defense of the United States. The board is chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and include ...
approved the decision to start M109A7 production. The FY 2014 budget called for $340.8 million in Paladin funding, which would be two dozen vehicle sets at $14.4 million per vehicle. The Army plans to buy 133 vehicles in 66 one-half vehicle sets starting in 2014, although one M109A7 howitzer and two supporting M992A3 ammunition carriers will be destroyed during tests. A Full-Rate Production (FRP) decision planned for February 2017. On 31 October 2013, BAE received a $668 million contract to begin LRIP of the M109A7. The first M109A6 and M992A2 vehicles were disassembled and reassembled to M109A7 and M992A3 standard as part of LRIP beginning in summer 2014. LRIP deliveries began in April 2015. The contract for FRP was signed in December 2017 with 48 vehicles slated for construction. The Army plans to upgrade 689 Paladins to A7-standard. The Army is looking to increase the capabilities of the M109A7. By introducing the new XM1113 rocket-assisted projectile (RAP), it can reach from the current 39-caliber barrel, and a planned barrel extension to 58-caliber can increase its range to . An additional XM1113 improvement over the legacy RAP round is the replacement of the high explosive, TNT, with an insensitive munition that is less volatile and less prone to unplanned detonation. The Army is also working on an autoloader to increase sustained rate of fire to 6–10 rounds per minute.US Army to demo precision strike, hypersonics, ramjet capabilities in just a few years
''Defense News''. 20 March 2018.
Another part of the effort is the use of a new supercharged propellant to fire the shells, which required redesigning the howitzer to handle higher pressures. These improvements are being developed under the Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) program, which upgrade the design so much it was re-designated the M1299; one battalion of vehicles is planned to begin a year-long operational assessment in 2023, and the autoloader is planned to be ready in 2025.


Derivatives


M992

The
M992 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle The M992A2 Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle (FAASV) is built on the chassis of the M109-series howitzer. It is also colloquially referred to as a "cat" (referring to its nomenclature, CAT: Carrier, Ammunition, Tracked). It replaced the ...
(FAASV) is built on the chassis of the M109. It replaced the
M548 The M548 is a tracked cargo carrier. It is based on the M113 armored personnel carrier, and was built by FMC Corp. at its San Jose, California, and Charleston, West Virginia facilities. Design Its light weight allows the use of a relatively sma ...
. Unlike the M548, it is armored. This ammunition vehicle has no turret, but has a taller superstructure to store 93 rounds and an equivalent number of powders and primers. This vehicle is fitted with a Halon fire suppression system and a weapons mount similar to that on the M109 turret, usually mounting a
Mk 19 grenade launcher The Mk 19 grenade launcher (pronounced Mark 19) is an American 40 mm belt-fed automatic grenade launcher that was first developed during the Vietnam War. Overview The Mk 19 is a belt-fed, blowback-operated, air-cooled, crew-serve ...
for local defense against infantry and light armored vehicles. The vehicle also contains a 2-stroke diesel powered auxiliary power unit that can power all non-automotive energy requirements on the FAASV and on the M109.


K66

The K66 was a planned ammunition support vehicle for the K55. As a follow-up to the K55 program, Samsung Aerospace Industries prepared for licensing a local variant of the M992 with modifications such as NBC protection and the increase of ammunition storage capacity to 110 rounds, 116 packs of powders, and 132 primers. In 1987, Samsung Aerospace Industries completed against Daewoo Heavy Industries' ammunition support vehicle based on K200 APC. Daewoo Heavy Industries' vehicle was selected as the K66 but fell from the test evaluation. Eventually, the K66 project was cancelled in the mid-1990s as it expanded into a lawsuit.


K77 FDCV (Fire Direction Center Vehicle)

The K77 FDCV is a command & control post vehicle variant based on the K55 platform.


K56 ARV (Ammunition Resupply Vehicle)

The K56 ARV is a ammunition resupply vehicle based on the K55 platform. Unlike the K10 ARV, the K56 can resupply both K55A1 and
K9 Thunder The K9 Thunder is a South Korean 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and developed by the Agency for Defense Development and civil contractors including Dongmyeong Heavy Industries, Kia Heavy Industry, Poongsan Corporation, and Samsung Aer ...
. It has a 45.7% (4,197 out of 9,191 total parts) compatibility with K55A1. After 10 months of pilot experiment, the K56 program was authorized by DAPPC (Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee) on 16 February 2007. On 2 May, DAPPC allocated 16 billion KRW for research and development for 2008 to 2010, with planning to produce 520 vehicles between 2011 to 2020. On 26 June 2008, Samsung Techwin was selected as the main contractor for the project. Later, the development completion schedule was delayed to 2011 while the total production amount was increased to 700 vehicles with 1.3 trillion KRW between 2012 to 2021. On 27 September 2010, the Board of Audit and Inspection claimed that the
Army An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
was biased during evaluation, demanding re-analyzing of the project due to inefficiency of the system. However, the
Defense Acquisition Program Administration The Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) was founded on January 1, 2006 as part of a comprehensive reform of the defense acquisition project, including the introduction and development of weapons, and is a central administrative agenc ...
(DAPA) ignored the Board and continued with the project while the Army purposely delayed complying. On 14 June 2011, the Ministry of Defense once again ordered a reexamination of the resupply vehicle. Nevertheless, the DAPA requested a budget for the program instead, and the development was completed in October 2011. On 25 July 2013, the DAPA announced the 1st batch production of the K56 between 2013 to 2015 for 65 billion KRW. In December 2015, Hanwha Techwin signed a contract with the DAPA for 2nd batch production. On 2 January 2018, Hanwha Land Systems announced 166.4 billion KRW contract with the DAPA for 3rd batch production and related products. On 30 June 2020, Hanwha Defense announced 380.3 billion KRW contract with the DAPA for 4th batch production. South Korea plans 5th batch production and achieving full operational capability by 2025. All K56s were delivered to the western front.


Training systems

The US Army uses the Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (FSCATT) in two versions for initial and sustainment training of the M109A6 and M109A5. The system uses an actual surplus turret and a simulated ammunition system. The Swiss Army uses a highly advanced KAWEST trainer from Van Halteren Metaal of the Netherlands. The Dutch, Belgian, Thai, and Israeli Armies have various configurations of the Van Halteren Metaal M109 Howitzer Crew Trainer (HCT). The US Army PEO STRI had a program called M109A7 Howitzer Crew Trainer (HCT). The plan was to procure 16 systems beginning in the 3rd Quarter of FY 20.


Successors

The U.S. Army sought to replace the M109 with the XM2001 Crusader, initially part of the
Armored Systems Modernization The Armored Systems Modernization (ASM) was a U.S. Army combat vehicle procurement program canceled in 1992. The Army sought to develop a family of six armored vehicles based on two common chassis, one heavy and one medium, which would both share c ...
program. The program was canceled in 2002 amid criticism that the program was not in line with the Army's long-term plans for lighter armored brigades. Funding was redirected to the
Future Combat Systems Future Combat Systems (FCS) was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unpr ...
Manned Ground Vehicles program, which produced the 18-ton XM1203 Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon as the program's lead effort. The Pentagon terminated the MGV program in 2009 due to concerns over its affordability. The U.S. Army's M1299 howitzer was planned to be completed in 2021 and will undergo operational assessment in 2023.


Operators


Current operators


M109

*


M109A1

* : 10 * : 17 * : 51 A1B * : 440 * : 44 M109A1B * : 15 A0 * : 12 * : 224 (upgraded to M109 KAWEST) * : 40 (from Switzerland)


M109A2/A3

* : 40 A3 (former Belgian) * : 84 A2, 50 A3GEA1, 223 A3GEA2 * : 400 A2 * : 356 A2/A2-90 (121 M109A2-90 purchased from Netherlands) * : 12 A3 * : 78 M109A2, 22 M109A3 and 40 M-109L47 * : 785 A2 in service with the
Pakistan Army The Pakistan Army (, ) is the Army, land service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The roots of its modern existence trace back to the British Indian Army that ceased to exist following the partition of India, Partition of British India, wh ...
. Being upgraded to M109A5 standard. * : 6 A2 in 2022 * : 60 A2s are currently being upgraded to A5s (2010) * : 6 (Spanish Marines) * : 19–20 A2 (former Belgian) * : 22 A3GN (
donated A donation is a gift for charity, humanitarian aid, or to benefit a cause. A donation may take various forms, including money, alms, services, or goods such as clothing, toys, food, or vehicles. A donation may satisfy medical needs such as blo ...
by Norway)


M109A2/A5

* : 33 A2/A5Ö * : 59 A5Ö * (Taiwan): 197 * : 6 units, previously owned by Latvia


M109A4

* : 36 units M109A4-BE bought from Belgium * : 4 M109A4 * : 22 units, previously owned by Belgium, bought, refurbished and donated by the UK


M109A5

* : 96 A5/A5+ More 56 surplus U.S. Army, to be upgraded to M109A5+, contract awarded to
BAE Systems BAE Systems plc (BAE) is a British multinational arms, security, and aerospace company based in London, England. It is the largest defence contractor in Europe, and ranked the seventh-largest in the world based on applicable 2021 revenues. ...
. * : 48 (24 from Switzerland, upgraded to M-109 KAWEST, 12 A3 and 12 A5+ Upgrade to similar Paladin configuration) * : 201 * : 36 * : 90 * : 600 * : ca. 115 in 2022 * : 18 since 2002 (Portuguese Army). 6 of these vehicles were M109A2/A3 upgraded to A5 variant. This variant replaced the previous 6 M109A2 operated by the Portuguese Army. * : 20 * : 12 * : 96 (Spanish Army) * : 70 * : 74 TBD * (Taiwan): 28


M109A6 Paladin

* : ca. 514 in service + ca. 850 in storage in 2022 * : 177 ordered in April 2018. * (Taiwan) (Cancelled): >100 planned in 2019, 40 approved by U.S. State Department in August 2021. However, the US has since cancelled the order, possibly in the wake of ramping up support for Ukraine, forcing Taiwan to consider alternative options.


M109A7

* : 48 with a further 180 contracted options


K55/K55A1

* : 1,180 K55s were produced by Samsung Aerospace Industries between 1985 to 1996. All vehicles are undergoing upgrade to K55A1 since 2010. Operated by the
Army An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
and the
Marine Corps Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...
.


Former operators


M109A2/A3

* : 167 A2, of which 64 were upgraded to the -A4BE standard, 31 sold to Brazil (1999–2001), 43 sold to Morocco (2008), the remainder being decommissioned * : 2–6 (upgraded to M109 A3DK, used to be 76) * : 570 A3GE A1/A2, phased out by 1 July 2007 and replaced by the PzH 2000 * : 221 M109L (M109 modernized to A3 equivalent with Italian-made 155 mm/39 calibre barrels), replaced by PzH 2000 * : Unknown when entered service or when withdrawn * : 126 as of 1998, replaced by the PzH 2000, 5 sold to Austria (1997), 87 to United Arab Emirates (1997), 121 to Jordan (2011–2012)) * : 33 in storage after donation of 22 to Ukraine in 2022. 55 in storage in 2021. Inventory of 14 M109A3GNM + 42 M109A3GN in 2019. * : 6 A2 since 1981 (Portuguese Army). Currently retired from active service and replaced by 18 M109A5 in 2002. * : 140+ entered service in 1965, upgraded to -A1 and -A2 standards, 83 sold to Austria in 1994 (51 A2, 32 A3)


M109A4

* : 64 A4BE of which 36 A4BE sold to Indonesia (2017–2018) and unknown number (at least 20 units) bought by the UK for Ukraine * : 76 A4B+. Used by the
Canadian Forces } The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; french: Forces armées canadiennes, ''FAC'') are the unified military forces of Canada, including sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. ...
from 1967 until 2005, when they were phased out. All the vehicles had been modernized to the M109A4B+ SPH standard in the 1980s. They were primarily used by the
4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (4CMBG; french: 4e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada, 4GBMC) was a formation of the Canadian Army, then Mobile Command of the unified Canadian Forces. It was part of the European formation known as Canadian ...
in Germany.


International equivalents

* 2S3 Akatsiya – Soviet/Russian equivalent * 2S19 Msta – Soviet/Russian equivalent * 2S35 Koalitsiya-SV – Russian equivalent * AHS Krab - Polish equivalent * PzH 2000 – German equivalent *
GCT 155mm The AMX-30 AuF1 is a French self-propelled gun vehicle currently in use by the armies of France and Saudi Arabia. It replaced the former Mk F3 155mm in French Army service. The AuF1 primary advance is that it incorporates full armor and nuclear-b ...
– French equivalent *
AS-90 The AS-90 ("Artillery System for the 1990s"), known officially as Gun Equipment 155 mm L131, is an armoured self-propelled artillery weapon used by the British Army. It can fire standard charges up to using 39 calibre long barrel (com ...
– British equivalent *
K9 Thunder The K9 Thunder is a South Korean 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and developed by the Agency for Defense Development and civil contractors including Dongmyeong Heavy Industries, Kia Heavy Industry, Poongsan Corporation, and Samsung Aer ...
– South Korean howitzer developed by
Samsung Techwin Hanwha Techwin (), founded as Samsung Techwin, is a video surveillance company. It is a subsidiary of Hanwha Group. The company employs 1,822 people and is headquartered in South Korea. Its total sales in 2020 were 529.8 billion South Korean won ...
* 152mm SpGH DANA - Army of the Slovak Republic * Type 75/ Type 99 – Japanese equivalent * Palmaria - Italian equivalent built for export *
PLZ-05 The PLZ-05 or the Type 05 is a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer developed by the People's Liberation Army of China to replace the Type 59-1 130 mm towed gun and Type 83 152 mm self-propelled gun. The PLZ-05 was officially unveiled at ...
– Chinese equivalent *
Sholef The Merkava ( he, מרכבה, , " chariot") is a series of main battle tanks used by the Israel Defense Forces and the backbone of the IDF's armored corps. The tank began development in 1970, and its first generation, the Merkava mark 1, ente ...
- Israeli equivalent (prototype) * Bandkanon 1 – armored self-propelled L/50 155 mm gun for the Swedish Army from 1967 to 2003


See also

*
List of artillery Artillery has been one of primary weapons of war since before the Napoleonic Era. Several countries have developed and built artillery systems, while artillery itself has been continually improved and redesigned to meet the evolving needs of the b ...
* List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces * M107 standard 155mm High Explosive (HE) projectile * M549 HE Rocket Assisted (HERA) projectile *
M864 The M864 is an American made 155 mm artillery shell. It carries a dual-purpose ICM submunition warhead and incorporates base bleed technology to increase its range. The projectile is capable of delivering 24 M46 and 48 M42 dual-purpose anti-materie ...
Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (DPICM) *
M795 The M795 155mm projectile is the US Army and US Marine Corps' standard 155mm High Explosive (HE) projectile for howitzers. It is a bursting round with fragmentation and blast effects. The M795 is designed to be a more lethal and have a longer ra ...
, a more lethal, longer range version of the M107 HE projectile


Notes


External links


Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide


* ttps://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m109.htm Fas.org
Globalsecurity.org



M109 Technical Manuals
M109 Technical Library & M109 Spare Parts {{DEFAULTSORT:M109 Howitzer 155 mm artillery Self-propelled howitzers of the United States Tracked self-propelled howitzers BAE Systems land vehicles Cold War artillery of the United States Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s